Physics Formulas for Class 11 & 12 – Mechanics, Waves, Electricity, Magnetism [PDF]

Physics Formulas are essential for mastering Class 11 and 12 Physics for board exams and entrance tests like JEE and NEET. On this page, Hodu Academy presents a chapter-wise collection of all-important physics formulas – designed for quick revision, concept clarity, and top scores.

Use these formula sheets, mind maps, and short notes for Class 11 and 12 Physics to solve numericals, understand principles, memorize key results, and ace MCQs.
Whether you’re preparing for CBSE, ICSE, or State boards – or aiming for competitive exams – these formula tables are your essential last-minute revision toolkit!

Class 11 Physics Formula List

Class 11 Physics builds the base: Kinematics, Laws of Motion, Work-Energy, Gravitation, Thermodynamics, Oscillations, and Waves. Below is a chapter-wise table of the most important formulas for Class 11 Physics:

Chapter Name Key Formulas & Concepts
Physical World & Measurement SI Units, Dimensions, Error analysis
Kinematics v = u + at, s = ut + ½at², s = vt – ½at², v² = u² + 2as
Laws of Motion F = ma, Newton’s Laws, Friction = μN
Work, Energy & Power Work = F·d, KE = ½mv², PE = mgh, Power = Work/time
Rotational Motion Torque = r × F, I = mr², L = Iω, α = dω/dt
Gravitation F = GMm/r², g = GM/R², Vesc = √(2GM/R)
Mechanical Properties of Solids & Fluids Stress = F/A, Strain = Δl/l, Pressure = F/A, Bernoulli’s theorem
Thermal Properties of Matter Q = mcΔT, Q = mL, Newton’s Law of Cooling, Stefan’s Law
Thermodynamics ΔU = Q – W, First Law, Efficiency = (W/Qin)×100%
Oscillations & Waves T = 2π√(m/k), T = 2π√(l/g), v = fλ, y = a sin(ωt + φ)

Class 11 Physics: Chapter-wise Formula Details

Note: Only chapters with significant formulas are included.

Kinematics
  • v = u + at; s = ut + ½at²; s = vt – ½at²; v² = u² + 2as
  • Average velocity = Total displacement/Total time
Laws of Motion
  • F = ma, Newton’s Laws, Friction: Ffriction = μN
  • Tension, Normal force, Free body diagrams
Work, Energy & Power
  • Work = F·d·cosθ; KE = ½mv²; PE = mgh
  • Power = Work/time; Work-Energy theorem
Rotational Motion
  • Torque (τ) = r × F; I = mr²; Angular momentum L = Iω
  • α = dω/dt, Kinetic energy (rotational) = ½Iω²
Gravitation
  • Universal law: F = GMm/r²
  • g = GM/R²; Vesc = √(2GM/R); Gravitational potential energy U = –GMm/r
Thermodynamics
  • ΔU = Q – W; First Law; Isothermal/Adiabatic equations
  • Efficiency (η) = W/Qin
Oscillations & Waves
  • SHM: x = A sin(ωt + φ), T = 2π√(m/k), T = 2π√(l/g)
  • Wave speed: v = fλ, Standing/Travelling waves

Class 12 Physics Formula List

Class 12 Physics brings advanced concepts: Electrostatics, Current Electricity, Magnetism, Electromagnetic Induction, Optics, Dual Nature, Atoms, Nuclei, Semiconductors. Below is a table of must-know formulas for Class 12 Physics:

Chapter Name Key Formulas & Concepts
Electrostatics F = kq₁q₂/r², E = F/q, V = kQ/r, Gauss’s law
Current Electricity Ohm’s law: V = IR, R = ρl/A, Power = VI
Magnetic Effects of Current Biot-Savart Law, F = qvB sinθ, Ampere’s law
Electromagnetic Induction ε = –dΦ/dt, Faraday’s laws, Lenz’s law
Alternating Current I = I₀ sinωt, RMS value, Impedance Z = √(R² + (XL – XC)²)
Electromagnetic Waves c = fλ, Maxwell’s equations (summary), Properties
Optics Mirror/lens formula: 1/f = 1/v + 1/u, m = –v/u, Snell’s law
Dual Nature & Atoms E = hf, λ = h/p, Photoelectric effect, Energy levels
Nuclei Mass defect, Binding energy, Radioactive decay N = N₀e–λt
Semiconductors & Electronics PN Junction, I–V characteristics, Logic gates (AND, OR, NOT)

Class 12 Physics: Chapter-wise Formula Details

Note: Only chapters with significant formulas are included.

Electrostatics
  • F = kq₁q₂/r²; E = F/q; V = kQ/r; Potential energy = kq₁q₂/r
  • Gauss’s law: ∮E·dA = Q/ε₀
  • Capacitance: C = Q/V; Series & Parallel rules
Current Electricity
  • V = IR; R = ρl/A; Power = VI = I²R
  • Series & Parallel combinations, Kirchhoff’s Laws
Magnetism
  • F = qvB sinθ; Biot–Savart Law; Ampere’s Law ∮B·dl = μ₀I
  • Magnetic moment, Bar magnet formulas
Electromagnetic Induction & AC
  • ε = –dΦ/dt; Faraday’s & Lenz’s Law
  • Irms = I₀/√2; Impedance Z = √(R² + (XL – XC)²)
  • Transformer: V₁/V₂ = N₁/N₂
Optics
  • Lens/Mirror: 1/f = 1/v + 1/u; m = –v/u; Snell’s law: n₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂
  • Magnification, Refractive index, Total Internal Reflection
Modern Physics
  • E = hf = hc/λ; λ = h/p
  • Photoelectric effect: eV = hf – ϕ
  • Nuclear decay: N = N₀e–λt; Mass defect & Binding energy
Semiconductors & Electronics
  • PN Junction, Diode equation: I = I₀(eqV/nkT – 1)
  • Logic gates: AND, OR, NOT (truth tables)

Mechanics Formulas

Formula/Concept Explanation
Equation of Motion v = u + at; s = ut + ½at²; v² = u² + 2as
Force & Laws of Motion F = ma; Friction F = μN
Work, Energy, Power W = F·d·cosθ; KE = ½mv²; PE = mgh; Power = Work/time
Circular Motion Centripetal force = mv²/r; a = v²/r; ω = v/r
Rotational Motion τ = Iα; I = mr²; L = Iω; α = dω/dt
Gravitation F = GMm/r²; g = GM/R²; Vesc = √(2GM/R)

Waves & Oscillations Formulas

Formula/Concept Explanation
Wave Speed v = fλ
SHM Equation y = a sin(ωt + φ); T = 2π√(m/k)
Pendulum T = 2π√(l/g)
Doppler Effect f' = f (v±vo)/(v±vs)
Standing Waves Nodes, Antinodes, Harmonics

Electricity & Magnetism Formulas

Formula/Concept Explanation
Coulomb’s Law F = kq₁q₂/r²
Ohm’s Law V = IR; R = ρl/A
Kirchhoff’s Laws ΣI(in) = ΣI(out), ΣV(loop) = 0
Biot-Savart Law dB = (μ₀/4π) × (Idl × r̂)/r²
Faraday’s Law ε = –dΦ/dt
Ampere’s Law ∮B·dl = μ₀I

Modern Physics Formulas

Formula/Concept Explanation
Photoelectric Effect E = hf, K.E. = hf – ϕ
de Broglie Wavelength λ = h/p
Radioactive Decay N = N₀e–λt
Binding Energy BE = Δmc²
Semiconductor VPN, Diode, Logic gates

Important Physics Definitions & Laws

  • Scalar Quantity: Has magnitude only (e.g., mass, temperature).
  • Vector Quantity: Has magnitude and direction (e.g., velocity, force).
  • Newton’s Laws: Laws of motion describing the relation between force and motion.
  • Conservation Laws: Energy, Momentum, and Charge are conserved in isolated systems.
  • Ohm’s Law: V = IR, relation between current, voltage, and resistance.
  • Snell’s Law: n₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂, law of refraction.
  • Faraday’s Law: Induced emf equals the rate of change of magnetic flux.
  • Radioactive Decay Law: The number of nuclei decreases exponentially over time.

How to Study Physics Formulas Effectively?

  • Write important formulas and laws for each chapter in a dedicated notebook.
  • Revise formulas before tests and practice their application with numerical problems.
  • Use flashcards for key laws and dimensional formulas.
  • Understand physical meaning – don’t just memorize, visualize with diagrams and units.
  • Relate formulas to real-life examples and lab experiments.
  • Solve previous years’ papers to master concept application.

Tip: Visit this page before every exam for a high-speed, high-yield revision!

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) – Physics Formulas

  • Q1. How can I memorize all physics formulas?
    Group formulas by topic, practice with numerical problems, and revise regularly using summary sheets and flashcards.
  • Q2. Are these formulas enough for JEE, NEET, or Board Exams?
    Yes! These include core CBSE/NCERT/ISC formulas asked in JEE, NEET, CUET, and board exams.
  • Q3. How do I apply physics formulas in numericals?
    Understand the principle, list given/required values, and use the relevant formula with correct units.
  • Q4. Which chapters have the most formulas?
    Mechanics, Electrostatics, Current Electricity, Magnetism, Optics, and Modern Physics.

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Last modified: Saturday, 5 July 2025, 1:31 PM