Physics Formulas for Class 11 & 12 – Mechanics, Waves, Electricity, Magnetism [PDF]

Physics Formulas are essential for mastering Class 11 and 12 Physics for board exams and entrance tests like JEE and NEET. On this page, Hodu Academy presents a chapter-wise collection of all-important physics formulas – designed for quick revision, concept clarity, and top scores.

Use these formula sheets, mind maps, and short notes for Class 11 and 12 Physics to solve numericals, understand principles, memorize key results, and ace MCQs.
Whether you’re preparing for CBSE, ICSE, or State boards – or aiming for competitive exams – these formula tables are your essential last-minute revision toolkit!

Class 11 Physics Formula List

Class 11 Physics builds the base: Kinematics, Laws of Motion, Work-Energy, Gravitation, Thermodynamics, Oscillations, and Waves. Below is a chapter-wise table of the most important formulas for Class 11 Physics:

Chapter Name	Key Formulas & Concepts
Physical World & Measurement	SI Units, Dimensions, Error analysis
Kinematics	v = u + at, s = ut + ½at², s = vt – ½at², v² = u² + 2as
Laws of Motion	F = ma, Newton’s Laws, Friction = μN
Work, Energy & Power	Work = F·d, KE = ½mv², PE = mgh, Power = Work/time
Rotational Motion	Torque = r × F, I = mr², L = Iω, α = dω/dt
Gravitation	F = GMm/r², g = GM/R², Vesc = √(2GM/R)
Mechanical Properties of Solids & Fluids	Stress = F/A, Strain = Δl/l, Pressure = F/A, Bernoulli’s theorem
Thermal Properties of Matter	Q = mcΔT, Q = mL, Newton’s Law of Cooling, Stefan’s Law
Thermodynamics	ΔU = Q – W, First Law, Efficiency = (W/Qin)×100%
Oscillations & Waves	T = 2π√(m/k), T = 2π√(l/g), v = fλ, y = a sin(ωt + φ)

Class 11 Physics: Chapter-wise Formula Details

Note: Only chapters with significant formulas are included.

Class 12 Physics Formula List

Class 12 Physics brings advanced concepts: Electrostatics, Current Electricity, Magnetism, Electromagnetic Induction, Optics, Dual Nature, Atoms, Nuclei, Semiconductors. Below is a table of must-know formulas for Class 12 Physics:

Chapter Name	Key Formulas & Concepts
Electrostatics	F = kq₁q₂/r², E = F/q, V = kQ/r, Gauss’s law
Current Electricity	Ohm’s law: V = IR, R = ρl/A, Power = VI
Magnetic Effects of Current	Biot-Savart Law, F = qvB sinθ, Ampere’s law
Electromagnetic Induction	ε = –dΦ/dt, Faraday’s laws, Lenz’s law
Alternating Current	I = I₀ sinωt, RMS value, Impedance Z = √(R² + (XL – XC)²)
Electromagnetic Waves	c = fλ, Maxwell’s equations (summary), Properties
Optics	Mirror/lens formula: 1/f = 1/v + 1/u, m = –v/u, Snell’s law
Dual Nature & Atoms	E = hf, λ = h/p, Photoelectric effect, Energy levels
Nuclei	Mass defect, Binding energy, Radioactive decay N = N₀e–λt
Semiconductors & Electronics	PN Junction, I–V characteristics, Logic gates (AND, OR, NOT)

Class 12 Physics: Chapter-wise Formula Details

Note: Only chapters with significant formulas are included.

Mechanics Formulas

Formula/Concept	Explanation
Equation of Motion	v = u + at; s = ut + ½at²; v² = u² + 2as
Force & Laws of Motion	F = ma; Friction F = μN
Work, Energy, Power	W = F·d·cosθ; KE = ½mv²; PE = mgh; Power = Work/time
Circular Motion	Centripetal force = mv²/r; a = v²/r; ω = v/r
Rotational Motion	τ = Iα; I = mr²; L = Iω; α = dω/dt
Gravitation	F = GMm/r²; g = GM/R²; Vesc = √(2GM/R)

Waves & Oscillations Formulas

Formula/Concept	Explanation
Wave Speed	v = fλ
SHM Equation	y = a sin(ωt + φ); T = 2π√(m/k)
Pendulum	T = 2π√(l/g)
Doppler Effect	f' = f (v±vo)/(v±vs)
Standing Waves	Nodes, Antinodes, Harmonics

Electricity & Magnetism Formulas

Formula/Concept	Explanation
Coulomb’s Law	F = kq₁q₂/r²
Ohm’s Law	V = IR; R = ρl/A
Kirchhoff’s Laws	ΣI(in) = ΣI(out), ΣV(loop) = 0
Biot-Savart Law	dB = (μ₀/4π) × (Idl × r̂)/r²
Faraday’s Law	ε = –dΦ/dt
Ampere’s Law	∮B·dl = μ₀I

Modern Physics Formulas

Formula/Concept	Explanation
Photoelectric Effect	E = hf, K.E. = hf – ϕ
de Broglie Wavelength	λ = h/p
Radioactive Decay	N = N₀e–λt
Binding Energy	BE = Δmc²
Semiconductor	VPN, Diode, Logic gates

Important Physics Definitions & Laws

• Scalar Quantity: Has magnitude only (e.g., mass, temperature).
• Vector Quantity: Has magnitude and direction (e.g., velocity, force).
• Newton’s Laws: Laws of motion describing the relation between force and motion.
• Conservation Laws: Energy, Momentum, and Charge are conserved in isolated systems.
• Ohm’s Law: V = IR, relation between current, voltage, and resistance.
• Snell’s Law: n₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂, law of refraction.
• Faraday’s Law: Induced emf equals the rate of change of magnetic flux.
• Radioactive Decay Law: The number of nuclei decreases exponentially over time.

How to Study Physics Formulas Effectively?

• Write important formulas and laws for each chapter in a dedicated notebook.
• Revise formulas before tests and practice their application with numerical problems.
• Use flashcards for key laws and dimensional formulas.
• Understand physical meaning – don’t just memorize, visualize with diagrams and units.
• Relate formulas to real-life examples and lab experiments.
• Solve previous years’ papers to master concept application.

Tip: Visit this page before every exam for a high-speed, high-yield revision!

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) – Physics Formulas

• Q1. How can I memorize all physics formulas?
  Group formulas by topic, practice with numerical problems, and revise regularly using summary sheets and flashcards.
• Q2. Are these formulas enough for JEE, NEET, or Board Exams?
  Yes! These include core CBSE/NCERT/ISC formulas asked in JEE, NEET, CUET, and board exams.
• Q3. How do I apply physics formulas in numericals?
  Understand the principle, list given/required values, and use the relevant formula with correct units.
• Q4. Which chapters have the most formulas?
  Mechanics, Electrostatics, Current Electricity, Magnetism, Optics, and Modern Physics.

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